I. Early History Of
1. The Hunter-Gatherers
1. The first people to live in
2. They arrive as early as 8000 BC.
2. The Metal Using Farmers
1. At 1000 BC Metal Using Farmers came to
2. They made tools out of Bronze and Iron.
3. They settle along the coast and along rivers
3. Centralized States arose
1. In the 2nd and the 3rd centuries AD centralized states arose to in
2. Malaysian civilization was heavily influenced by
3. The religions of Buddhism and Hinduism were introduced to
4. Srivijaya of Sumatra rose
1. In the 7th and 8th centuries the state of Srivijaya of Sumatra rose to dominate much of
2. It was a kingdom in Sumatra with its capital at
3. Srivijaya controlled the coasts of Java, the Malay Peninsula and part of
4. However the Srivijayans only really controlled the coast.
5. Their influence did not extend far inland.
6. The prosperity of Srivijaya was based on trade with both
7. Srivijaya controlled the Melaka Straits, which were the main passage between the Indian Ocean and
8. As a result it grew rich and powerful.
9. Srivijaya was able to dominate the region until the 11th century.
10. Then its power declined and by the 13th century Srivijaya had lost control completely.
5. Melaka rose
1. Later Melaka rose to dominate
2. A man named Parameswara founded it at the end of the 14th century.
3. He became the ruler of Temasik on
4. However the Thais overthrew him.
5. Parameswara fled with some followers and settled by a river called Bertram.
6. Portuguese Invaded
1. The great city-wealth came to the notice of the Portuguese.
2. In 1511 they sent and expedition led by Alfonso de Albuquerque to capture it.
3. Melaka soon fell to the Portuguese artillery.
4. However the son of the Sultan of Melaka found Johor.
5.
II. British Penetration
A-British Invades
1. The British began to make inroads into what is now Peninsular Malaysia in 1786 when the East India Company occupied
2. The company expanded its influence to
3. In 1867 the three territories were transferred to the British Colonial Office to constitute the crown colony known as the
4. With the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, British interest in
5. Taking different forms in different sections of
1. direct crown colony rule in the three Straits Settlements of Singapore,
2. a centralized form of indirect rule in the four
3. indirect rule in the five unfederated peninsular states of Johor, Kedah, Perlis, Terengganu, and Kelantan;
4. Brooke family dynastic rule in
5. British chartered-company rule in
B- WW2
A) The Invasion Starts
1- The Battle of Malaya was a campaign fought by Allied and Japanese forces in Malaya, from December 8, 1941 to January 31, 1942 during the Second World War.
2- The campaign was dominated by land battles between British Commonwealth army units, and the Imperial Japanese Army.
3- For the British, Indian, Australian and Malayan forces defending the colony, the campaign was a disaster.
4- The Japanese plan for the invasion involved landing troops on the east coasts of Thailand and
5- The forces in
6- Air Marshal Sir Robert Brooke-Popham, commanding officer of the Royal Air Force in the
7- Matador was the British plan to destroy the invasion force before or during the landing
Shortly after midnight on December 7 / 8 December, Indian soldiers patrolling the beaches at Kota Bharu spotted three large shadows: the IJN transport ships Awajisan Maru, Ayatosan Maru, and Sakura Maru, dropping anchor approximately 3 km off the coast.
8- The ships were carrying approximately 5,200 troops of the Takumi Detachment (Major-General Hiroshi Takumi, aboard Awajisan Maru).
9- Most of these troops were veterans of the war in China
10- The invasion began with a bombardment at around 12:30 AM on 8 December.
11- Rough seas and strong winds hampered the operation and a number of smaller craft capsized
12- Several Japanese soldiers drowned
13- Despite these difficulties, by 12:45 AM the first wave of landing craft was heading for the beach in four lines.
14- In December 1941, Japanese troops landed on the northeast coast of
15- Unprepared Malay, Chinese, Indian, British, and Australian defenders were unable to stem the rapid Japanese advance and retreated to
16- Meanwhile the Japanese had captured the whole of northern
17- Thus, in 70 days, all of present-day
18- Although all Malaysian ethnic groups suffered severe hardships during the Japanese occupation, no group suffered more extensively from systematic Japanese severity than the Chinese.
19- In consequence, a part of the Chinese community organizee an effective resistance movement.
20- Many of the Chinese fighters were communists under the leadership of the Malayan Communist party.
A-Modern History
1-The Creation
a) Ethnic issues dominated the formation of the Federation of Malaysia.
b) First mooted in 1961,
c) In the event
d) The new nation was a delicate exercise in ethnic arithmetic.
e) The non-Chinese majorities of the Borneo states helped balance the inclusion of the predominantly Chinese Singapore, but
f) Tensions escalated and in August 1965 Tunku Abdul Rahman and Lee Kuan Yew signed a separation agreement.
2-1969 crises
a) The 1960s saw Malaysian democracy at its most open, and a number of parties engaging in vigorous criticism of the
B) The most notable opposition parties were PAS (Party Islam Se-Malaysia, originally PMIP, Pan-Malayan Islamic Party), and DAP (Democratic Action Party).
c)PAS was dedicated to building an Islamic state in Malaysia and appealed to Malay voters who saw UMNO as compromised by Western and non-Islamic influences and too ready to bargain with the non-Malays.
d) The DAP picked up support mainly from Chinese voters unhappy with the conservative and Malay-dominated
SITES
1. www.aseanfocus.com
2. www.wikipedia.org
3. www.geosites.com
4. www.history.com
5. Microsoft Encarta
No comments:
Post a Comment