Thursday, November 27, 2008

The History of Malaysia






I. Early History Of Malaysia

1. The Hunter-Gatherers

1. The first people to live in Malaysia were Stone Age hunter-gatherers.

2. They arrive as early as 8000 BC.

2. The Metal Using Farmers

1. At 1000 BC Metal Using Farmers came to Malaysia.

2. They made tools out of Bronze and Iron.

3. They settle along the coast and along rivers

3. Centralized States arose

1. In the 2nd and the 3rd centuries AD centralized states arose to in Malaysia.

2. Malaysian civilization was heavily influenced by India.

3. The religions of Buddhism and Hinduism were introduced to Malaysia at that time.

4. Srivijaya of Sumatra rose

1. In the 7th and 8th centuries the state of Srivijaya of Sumatra rose to dominate much of Malaysia.

2. It was a kingdom in Sumatra with its capital at Palembang.

3. Srivijaya controlled the coasts of Java, the Malay Peninsula and part of Borneo.

4. However the Srivijayans only really controlled the coast.

5. Their influence did not extend far inland.

6. The prosperity of Srivijaya was based on trade with both India and China.

7. Srivijaya controlled the Melaka Straits, which were the main passage between the Indian Ocean and China Sea.

8. As a result it grew rich and powerful.

9. Srivijaya was able to dominate the region until the 11th century.

10. Then its power declined and by the 13th century Srivijaya had lost control completely.

5. Melaka rose

1. Later Melaka rose to dominate Malaysia.

2. A man named Parameswara founded it at the end of the 14th century.

3. He became the ruler of Temasik on Singapore Island.

4. However the Thais overthrew him.

5. Parameswara fled with some followers and settled by a river called Bertram.

6. Portuguese Invaded

1. The great city-wealth came to the notice of the Portuguese.

2. In 1511 they sent and expedition led by Alfonso de Albuquerque to capture it.

3. Melaka soon fell to the Portuguese artillery.

4. However the son of the Sultan of Melaka found Johor.

5. Portugal captured the Melaka sultanate in 1511 and expelled the native dynasty.

II. British Penetration

A-British Invades

1. The British began to make inroads into what is now Peninsular Malaysia in 1786 when the East India Company occupied Pinang Island on the west coast.

2. The company expanded its influence to Singapore in 1819 and then to Melaka in 1824.

3. In 1867 the three territories were transferred to the British Colonial Office to constitute the crown colony known as the Straits Settlements.

4. With the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, British interest in Malaysia surged.

5. Taking different forms in different sections of Malaysia, British penetration between 1867 and 1942 evolved into basically five administrative patterns:

1. direct crown colony rule in the three Straits Settlements of Singapore, Pinang, and Melaka;

2. a centralized form of indirect rule in the four Federated Malay States of Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, and Pahang;

3. indirect rule in the five unfederated peninsular states of Johor, Kedah, Perlis, Terengganu, and Kelantan;

4. Brooke family dynastic rule in Sarawak: and

5. British chartered-company rule in Sabah

B- WW2

A) The Invasion Starts

1- The Battle of Malaya was a campaign fought by Allied and Japanese forces in Malaya, from December 8, 1941 to January 31, 1942 during the Second World War.

2- The campaign was dominated by land battles between British Commonwealth army units, and the Imperial Japanese Army.

3- For the British, Indian, Australian and Malayan forces defending the colony, the campaign was a disaster.

4- The Japanese plan for the invasion involved landing troops on the east coasts of Thailand and Malaya

5- The forces in Thailand were to push through to the west coast and invade Malaya from its northern province of Kedah, whilst their eastern forces from Vietnam would attack down the east coast and into the interior of Malaya from Kota Bharu.

6- Air Marshal Sir Robert Brooke-Popham, commanding officer of the Royal Air Force in the Far East hesitated to launch Operation Matador on 7 December

7- Matador was the British plan to destroy the invasion force before or during the landing

Shortly after midnight on December 7 / 8 December, Indian soldiers patrolling the beaches at Kota Bharu spotted three large shadows: the IJN transport ships Awajisan Maru, Ayatosan Maru, and Sakura Maru, dropping anchor approximately 3 km off the coast.

8- The ships were carrying approximately 5,200 troops of the Takumi Detachment (Major-General Hiroshi Takumi, aboard Awajisan Maru).

9- Most of these troops were veterans of the war in China

10- The invasion began with a bombardment at around 12:30 AM on 8 December.

11- Rough seas and strong winds hampered the operation and a number of smaller craft capsized

12- Several Japanese soldiers drowned

13- Despite these difficulties, by 12:45 AM the first wave of landing craft was heading for the beach in four lines.

14- In December 1941, Japanese troops landed on the northeast coast of Peninsular Malaysia near Kota Baharu, Kelantan.

15- Unprepared Malay, Chinese, Indian, British, and Australian defenders were unable to stem the rapid Japanese advance and retreated to Singapore, where they surrendered on Feb. 15, 1942.

16- Meanwhile the Japanese had captured the whole of northern Borneo by January 1942.

17- Thus, in 70 days, all of present-day Malaysia fell to the Japanese, who remained in control for 40 months.

18- Although all Malaysian ethnic groups suffered severe hardships during the Japanese occupation, no group suffered more extensively from systematic Japanese severity than the Chinese.

19- In consequence, a part of the Chinese community organizee an effective resistance movement.

20- Many of the Chinese fighters were communists under the leadership of the Malayan Communist party.

A-Modern History

1-The Creation

a) Ethnic issues dominated the formation of the Federation of Malaysia.
b) First mooted in 1961, Malaysia was envisaged as a merger of Malaya with Singapore, Sarawak, Sabah (still then British North Borneo) and, perhaps, the sultanate of Brunei.
c) In the event Brunei remained apart, but after cautious negotiation the other territories established Malaysia on 16 September 1963.
d) The new nation was a delicate exercise in ethnic arithmetic.
e) The non-Chinese majorities of the Borneo states helped balance the inclusion of the predominantly Chinese Singapore, but Singapore entered Malaysia with many constitutional, political and administrative issues left unresolved.
f) Tensions escalated and in August 1965 Tunku Abdul Rahman and Lee Kuan Yew signed a separation agreement.
2-1969 crises
a) The 1960s saw Malaysian democracy at its most open, and a number of parties engaging in vigorous criticism of the Alliance.
B) The most notable opposition parties were PAS (Party Islam Se-Malaysia, originally PMIP, Pan-Malayan Islamic Party), and DAP (Democratic Action Party).
c)PAS was dedicated to building an Islamic state in Malaysia and appealed to Malay voters who saw UMNO as compromised by Western and non-Islamic influences and too ready to bargain with the non-Malays.
d) The DAP picked up support mainly from Chinese voters unhappy with the conservative and Malay-dominated Alliance.




SITES

1. www.aseanfocus.com

2. www.wikipedia.org

3. www.geosites.com

4. www.history.com

5. Microsoft Encarta